birt upc-a

birt upc-a

birt upc-a

birt upc-a

birt upc-a

birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,

birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,

birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,
birt upc-a,

bcf Result btfss A btfsc B bsf Result ; ; ; ; Assume A = B = 0 A == 1, Result = 1 A == B == 0, Result = 0 A == 1 or B == 1, Result = 1

This trick of using two conditions to either skip to or skip over an instruction is useful in many cases. As I will show later in this chapter, this capability is used to implement constant-loop timing for 16-bit delay loops.

Should any other value of x or y be desired at the prevailing conditions of feed composition and separation, it can be obtained by appropriate adjustment of D/F. A value for y, for example, is first selected, and a corresponding value of x is then calculated from the modified Fenske equation. With these values of x, y, and x, the required D/F can be found from t,he material balance. Figure 11.3 illustrates how distillate and bottoms compositions would vary with D/F for this example. The slope of each curve at D/F = 0.5 represents the process gain at that point. It happens that the two curves have identical slopes at

As you start creating your own PIC microcontroller applications, you ll discover that 8 bits for data is often insuf cient for the task at hand. Instead, larger base values have to be used for saving and operating on data. In the appendices I present a number of snippets for accessing 16-bit data values, but in this section I want to introduce the concepts of declaring and accessing 16-bit (and greater) variables and constants. Declaring 16-bit variables in MPASM using the CBLOCK directive is quite simple. To declare a variable that is larger than 8 bits using CBLOCK, a colon (:) follows the variable name, and the number of bytes is speci ed afterward. For example, 8-, 16-, and 32-bit variables are declared in the PIC16F84 as

To access data, the address with the offset to the byte address can be used as shown in the following example:

When working with constant values, instead of coming up with arithmetic operations to capture the byte data at speci c locations, you can use the LOW, HIGH, and UPPER operators (how they work is presented in Table 8.4).

One confusing aspect of MPLAB for me is the default of high/low data storage in the MPLAB simulator and MPASM. The low/high format works better for using application code and makes more sense to me (this is known as Intel format, and the reason why it makes sense to me is because of all the years I ve spent working with Intel processors). In addition, you will note that all 16-bit registers in the PIC microcontroller are de ned in low (byte/address) followed by high (byte/address) data format, so using this format in my coding keeps me consistent with the hardware registers built into the chip processor architecture. The preceding paragraph may be confusing for you, but let me explain exactly what I mean. If 16-bit data is saved in the high/low (what I think of as Motorola format, which is where I rst saw it), when 16-bit information is displayed in memory, it looks correct. For example, if 0x1234 was stored in high/low format staring at address 0x10, the le register display would show

0010 1234

which appears natural. If the data is stored in low/high (Intel) format, 0x1234 at 0x10 would appear as

party vendors and how third-party vendors nd his products. He spoke for about ten minutes before someone nally asked, What s a third-party vendor Because he didn t check for understanding before or during his talk, he lost his opportunity to connect with his listeners. Ask yourself these questions: Will the people in your audience understand the need for your presentation Will they know your language Is their knowledge general or technical Do they share a common knowledge base, or are some more informed than others

0010 3412